CRS, Russia-DPRK Arms, Labor & Technology Trade Deepens, Sanctions Erosion Accelerates

Russia and North Korea have built an expansive military-economic partnership since 2022, involving artillery transfers, ballistic missile supplies, troop deployments, oil shipments above UNSC limits, and labor exports-generating an estimated $7.7-$14.4B for Pyongyang by end-2025. Russia's 2024 veto of the UN sanctions monitoring panel and ongoing UNSC blocking actions have materially eroded the multilateral...